初识印象:宾语从句,缓步而来
一、宾语从句的相关常识
宾语:又称受词,是指一个动作(动词)的接受者。宾语分为直接宾语和间接宾语两大类,其中直接宾语指动作的直接对象,间接宾语说明动作的非直接,但受动作影响的对象。一般而言,及物动词后面最少要有一个宾语,而该宾语通常为直接宾语,有些及物动词要求两个宾语,则这两个宾语通常一个为直接宾语,另一个为间接宾语。
宾语从句的连接词/引导词:that
结构:主语+谓语+宾语从句(陈述语序)
时态:主句为现在时 从句为任意时态。
从属连词:连接宾语从句的从属连词主要有that, if, whether,和疑问词(what, how,where,when ...)。
that引导表示陈述句的宾语从句,if和whether,whether...or not引导表示“是否”的一般疑问句的宾语从句。
关联代词:连接代词主要有who, whom, whose, what, whoever, whomever, whosever, whatever, whichever等。
连接代词一般指疑问,但what, whatever除了指疑问外,也可以指陈述。
关联副词:连接副词主要有when, where, why, how, whenever, wherever, however等。例句:
He didn't tell me when we should meet again.
他没有告诉我什么时候我们能再见面。
注意:语序为v.+主语+谓语+由if、whether引导宾语从句;宾语从句通常跟在名词或代词后面。
二、宾语从句的类型
动宾从句:大多数及物动词都可以带宾语从句。
部分“动词+副词”结构也可以带宾语从句。
动词短语也可以带宾语从句,常见的这些词有:
make sure(确保)、make up one's mind(下决心)、keep in mind(牢记)
可运用形式宾语it代替的宾语从句
①动词find, feel, consider, make, believe, think等后面有宾语补足语的时候,则需要用it做形式宾语而将that宾语从句后置。
②有些动词带宾语从句时需要在宾语与从句前加it(双宾语)这类动词主要有:hate, take, owe, have, see toward, lend hand, mail, offer, pass, pay, post, read, return, show, teach, tell
介宾从句:用whether之类的介词宾语从句。
用that, if引导的介词宾语从句,有时候except, but, besides三个介词后可见到that引导的宾语从句。
形容+宾从句:有些形容词具有动词的含义,所以也可以带一个宾语从句。例句:
① I am sorry I am late. ② I am glad that you can join us.
③ Are you sure his answer is right?
常用来引导宾语从句的形容词有:sure, certain, glad, please, happy, sorry, afraid, satisfied, surprised
if与whether:(区别if/whether见专稿,或参看:/v-5-619.aspx)
if和whether在作“是否”理解时,引导宾语从句常放在动词know, ask, care, wonder, find out等之后,介词后一般不用if。少数动词,如:leave, put, discuss, doubt后的宾语从句常用whether。whether后可以加or not,但是if不可以。在不定式前只能用whether。一般“no matter”后表示“是否”用whether而不用if。
从句考点:简析多练,难亦不难
一、宾语从句的时态及语序
一)主句与从句时态一致问题
1.如果主句是现在的某种时态(包括一般现在时,现在进行时,现在完成时),那么宾语从句的时态课根据实际情况而定。
e.g. I remember he gave me a book yesterday.
2.如果主句是过去的某种时态(包括一般过去时,过去进行时),那么宾语从句一般要用过去的某种时态(包括一般过去时,过去进行时,过去将来时,过去完成时)
e.g. He told me that he would take part in the high jump.
3.但当宾语从句是指客观事实、普遍真理、自然现象时,则只能用一般现在时。
e.g. She said (that) the sun rises in the east.
二)宾语从句的语序
无论主句是陈述句还是疑问句,宾语从句都必须使用陈述语序,即“主句+连词+宾语从句(主语+谓语+……)”句式。根据连接词在从句中所担任的不同成分,可分为以下四种:
1、连接词+谓语。连接词在从句中作主语。常见的连接词有: who,what,which等。如:
Could you tell me who knows the answer,please?你能告诉我谁知道答案吗?
The small children don't know what is in their stockings.
这些小孩子不知道袜子里有什么东西?
2、连接词+名词+谓语。连接词在从句中作主语的定语。常见的连接词有:whose,what,which,how many,how much等。如:
He asked whose handwriting was the best in our class.
他问我们班上谁的书法最好。
The teacher asked us how many people there were in the room.
老师问我们房间里有多少人。
3、连接词+主语+谓语。连接词在从句中作宾语、状语或表语。常见的连接词有:who(m),what,which,how many,how much, when,why,how,where,if/whether(在句中不充当任何成分)等。如:
He hasn't decided if he'll go on a trip to Wuxi. 他还没决定是否去无锡旅行。
Could you tell me what I should do with the money ?
你能告诉我我如何处理这笔钱吗?
4、连接词+名词+主语+谓语。连接词在从句中作宾语或表语的定语。常见的连接词有:what,which,how many,how much,how等。如:
Do you know which class he is in ? 你知道他在哪个班吗?
She asked me if I knew whose pen it was. 她问我是否知道这是谁的钢笔。
当充当宾语从句的句子为以下句子,变为宾语从句时,其语序不变。即:
①What's wrong?/What's the matter?/What's your trouble?
②Which is the way to…?
③Who引导的特殊疑问句且who做主语。
He asked.“What's wrong with you?” → He asked what's wrong with you.
二、当陈述部分是宾语从句时的翻译疑问句变化情况
1、主句主语为第一人称的否定转移问题
① 在主从复合句中,当主句的主语是第一人称,谓语动词是think, believe, imagine, suppose, consider, expect, fancy, guess时,要将从句的否定转移到主句中,主句的谓语动词用否定,而从句的谓语动词用肯定。
② 谓语为其他动词,与主句保持一致
I suppose father's sleeping, isn't he?
I don't think you are right, are you?
I said that he would come back soon, didn't I?
2、主句主语为其他称,与主句保持一致
He said she wanted to go to the zoo, didn't he?
三、不省略引导词的情况。存在以下情况时引导词that不可省略:
1、在英式英语中动词add, agree, announce, argue, assume, complain, decide, hold, indicate, insist, intend, learn, promise, point out, remark, suggest, state等之后的宾语从句的引导词that需保留。例如:我抱怨我受到了不公平的待遇。
I complained that I had been unfairly treated.
2、及物动词后跟有两个或两个以上的宾语从句时,第一个从句中的that可以省;而第二个从句中的that不能省。例如:我意识到我在管理中,并且大家都服从我的领导。
I realize that I’m in charge and that everybody accepts my leadership.
3、当动词后跟有复合宾语结构时,it作形式宾语,that从句作真正宾语,引导词that不可省略。例如:有幸为您服务,我们认为这是一种荣誉。
We consider it an honor that we can have the pleasure of serving you.
4、当动词和that从句之间有插入语或者主句的状语时,that不可省略。例如:
The secretary said, pleasantly and sternly, that our thinking was too slow to suit the needs of modern society. 秘书说,和蔼而严肃地说,我们的思维太慢,不能适应现代社会的需要。
We learned at school that everything we see and touch is matter.
我们在学校学到了一切,我们所看到的,接触的都是物质。
5、当that从句的状语紧跟在that之后时,that不可省略。例如:
They told us that once again the situation was serious.
他们告诉我们说形势又严重了。
试比较:They told us once again that the situation was serious.
6、当作宾语的that从句移到句首时,that不可省略。例如:
That she ever said such a thing I simply don't believe.
7、在简短答语中当that从句单独出现时,that不可省略。例如:
That the situation was serious. 情况很严重。
8、当that从句中含有一个状语从句,且这个状语从句在主句之前时,that不可省略。例如:帕克先生知道,除非他偿还债务,否则他必须出庭。
Mr Parker knows that unless he pays back the debt, he'll have to appear in court.
9、当that从句用作in, but, except等介词的宾语时,that不可省略。例如:
The book is unsatisfactory in that it lacks a good index.
这本书不让人满意因为它缺乏好的索引
10、在suggest, order等表示命令、请求、建议等动词后的宾语从句中that不能省。
She suggested that I (should) be the leader。
四、宾语从句与定语从句的区别
一)位置不同:宾语位于及物动词或介词后面;定语从句位于名词后修饰名词;
二)引导词不同:
宾语从句引导词有三种:连词,连接代词,连接副词;
定语从句引导词有两种:关系代词,关系副词。
三)意义不同:
宾语从句是宾语,句子中的不可缺少的成分,不能用逗号与句子隔开;
定语从句是修饰用的,可以用逗号与句子隔开,成为非限制性定语从句。
四)结构不同:
宾语从句:连词+完整结构的从句
① I know that he will come. ② I don't know whether he will come.
连接代词+缺少连接代词充当成分的句子结构。
I think what he said is right.:what是从句宾语
连接副词+完整结构句子:You know where he will go.
定语从句:关系代词+缺少关系代词充当成分的句子结构
The boy who is not here doesn't know the time.
关系副词+完整结构句子(The place where he lived was not his house.)